Australian Indigenous enterprises can be categorised into three main categories:-

1. Those owned and operated by Indigenous individuals or “nuclear” families where profits may be distributed to individuals;
2. Those owned and operated by Indigenous “communities” or larger Indigenous cultural family groups that are operated for the benefit of the whole group and do not result in distributions of profit to individuals; and
3. Those owned and operated by Indigenous corporate and service entities and Native Title Prescribed Bodies Corporate where profits may be distributed back to that particular corporation or service entity or its constituent corporate members such as the previously mentioned “communities”.

The second and third categories may be described as “social enterprises” or “social ventures” whether there is an intention to make a profit as a business, or whether the enterprise is a not-for-profit community service-delivery organisation.

This discussion deals with the structuring of the second and third categories. The first category is clearly a private individual business model and structuring for that category will depend on normal commercial considerations as normally applying to small business, including the application of tax.

The second and third categories are more like a combination of community organisations (that happen to run a business)and  public companies where the structural considerations, apart from any cultural considerations, need to consider the possibility of structuring to take advantage of tax concessions, community involvement, or at least interest in the transparency of governance, the possibility of community interest and possibly interference in management, as well as the more usual concerns of continuity, risk management and business succession, particularly as applying to a large corporate group. Generally these structures are constituted as PBI’s or Public Benevolent Institutions where profits may not be distributed to individuals but are used for the benefit of a group of people.

In our work over twenty years we find that the common issues tend to be:-

• Multiple types of business may be operated across various industries;
• Non-linear growth, where the early years may concentrate on one business and then multiple businesses may suddenly emerge as experience an opportunity reveal themselves;
• The need to funnel profits back to the benefit of the “community for “it” to deal with in accordance with its own goals;
• The probability of employing multiple non-Indigenous or at least “not-connected-to-central-organisation” managers for some or all of the different business lines;
• The need for transparent governance through the group, including clear delineation of management responsibilities;
• The need to encourage and allow participation by community members in key roles, and to mentor community members into management roles;
• The need to protect the central community or organisation and its assets from business failure of an inter-related business;
• The need to build in partnerships and joint ventures with others, whether part of the central group or otherwise;
• The possibility of “hiving off” some of the business elements in future.

In almost all cases we have had experience of, there is a central issue surrounding “ownership” and what that entails, as compared to the legal sense of ownership.

Members of the central community or organisation which owns a business entity do not always understand the Westminster and Common Law issues around the fact that it is the organisation that owns the entity and not themselves as individuals. This misunderstanding is compounded when businesses are placed in separate multiple entities that may have a cascading ownership structure and in such cases the “community” often become frustrated that they are unable to influence the management of an entity at the bottom of the structure.

In our experience, whatever structures are provided, education and training about this issue is required at the beginning, and throughout the life of the business, alongside training in governance so that those members can be trained to make their voices heard “appropriately” at the meetings of the central organisation rather than those of subsidiary entities.

As a result of our experience, we believe the central principles surrounding any structuring exercise are:-

• Ensuring the businesses are in appropriate and separate entities themselves, so as to “quarantine” effects of any business failure;
• That these separate businesses are owned directly by the central organisation and not by any “trustees” or “nominee shareholders”;
• That where income tax needs to be paid, to register accordingly;
• That there should be a central “Charter” of how Boards of subsidiary entities need to be comprised and how they need to conduct themselves in relation to the central Board;
• That any managers be required to sign employment contracts that include reporting responsibilities to their Boards, which are all of a similar template through the group.

The following is a “template” of a group structure that should be agreed to up front by the central Board so that as any new business activities are considered, the strategy for incorporation and operation is already set.

The Enterprise Holding Entity (“EHE”) should be owned 100% by the Central Organisation (not by members of the Central Organisation as individuals or trustees) so that there is a clearly defined ownership by the larger group and clear profit flows.

The EHE is interposed between the Central Organisation and the entities actually operating businesses so that:-

• There are clearly separate responsibilities of the two different Boards, one of responsibility for all aspects of the central organisation including its enterprises, the other of being solely responsible for enterprise activity;
• There is an interposed “second line of defence” in the case of any business failure and insolvency down the line;
• Accumulated profits can “rest” at this level so that part can be distributed up the line to the central organisation and part can be retained for further enterprise investment, the ratio to be decided as circumstances demand.

As businesses start, they are incorporated into subsidiary entities (herein noted as #1, #2, etc) so that:-

• Each separate business is quarantined from others (and EHE) as well as the central organisation in the event of business failure and liquidation – it is therefore important that cross-guarantees and collateral should not be given;
• Each business entity can have a Board that (perhaps smaller) concentrates only on its responsibility of running that single business and is answerable to the EHE Board for performance;
• Each business can have distinctly separate staff and employment contracts etc as may be necessary if they are in markedly different industries;
• Each entity can be funded separately as required;
• Each entity can be “hived off”, sold, closed, expanded, or partnered/joint ventured with an outside partner/investor without allowing that outside party into the affairs of any other business.

Land assets of the central organisation can sometimes be held in a totally separate non-trading entity. This might be applicable for example in the case of any freehold land that is considered part of the central “estate” that may never be sold. In this case, we believe the best structure is to create a “sister” entity to the Central Organisation but not connected by any ownership, where that land holding entity is owned by all the members in the same way that the Central Organisation is “owned” by the members. There should be no connection to EHE. This sometimes causes issues where the Central Organisation needs to borrow money to fund enterprise as some of this land may be required as security. This needs to be looked at separately should the need arise.

The types of entity that EHE and its subsidiaries should be constituted as, will depend on a case by case review of circumstances. Apart from incorporation as an Aboriginal Corporation under the Corporations (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander) Act 2006 – which is often the most appropriate structure for the central organisation – the EHE and subsidiaries may be incorporated as companies limited by guarantee, private proprietary companies, discretionary and unit trusts. Each should suit the requirement for its particular business, position and purpose within the group

Needless to say, any trusts created as part of these structures will need to have separate corporate trustees. This is to ensure control by the EHE is channelled through a Board of Directors in the subsidiary entities, and to provide the appropriate transparency.

The ability of each entity, including the EHE itself, to obtain tax concessions ranging from income tax concessions to deductible gift recipient status to concessional Fringe Benefits Tax status will have to be examined on a case by case basis.

Clearly, a corporate structure consisting of an EHE and multiple subsidiaries under a central organisation could be a recipe for disaster in terms of control and strategic direction. Therefore it is important that before these entities are created, a “Charter” be agreed upon so that as these entities are incorporated, as far as the law allows, the central agreements of the “Charter” are included in the various constituent documents or Constitutions.

We believe the following should be included:-

• The constituency of the EHE Board, nominating stated officers of the central organisation Board to the EHE Board, the need of “independent” members, the number and terms of Board members, etc;
• The constituency of the subsidiary Boards, for example that the subsidiary Boards must include x number of members who are also members of the EHE Board, that there are restrictions to the number of Boards one individual may sit on, etc;
• Rules about Chairmanship for example no single individual can be Chair of more than 2 Boards, and Chair of central organisation may not be Chair of any enterprise Board, etc;
• The requirement for all Board members to attend and keep up to date with Governance and Finance Training within a set time-frame of membership;
• The requirement for the subsidiary Boards to report using prescribed template  formats to the EHE Board at set times;
• A minimum ratio of dividends or profit distribution be written into the constitution, subject to waiver by the EHE or central organisation due to the need to establish new businesses or fund capital spending;
• The requirement for Boards to be measured under agreed Performance Measures; and
• The removal of Board members for non-performance.

While it is important that each separate entity be allowed to run their business in the way they see fit, nevertheless, it is equally important that the strategic direction and indeed the day to day operation of these businesses follow the strategic direction set by the central organisation through the EHE, and that common values are being followed. The “Charter” by which the separate Boards operate will help in this.

Further, without limiting the independence of the different business units, we believe that the contracts of the business unit managers need to follow a common template so that all managers employed in the structure follow common goals and measurements. This employment contract template should also specifically spell out reporting and strategic responsibilities such as:-

• They have to prepare Business Plans with Financial Projections using standard templates at the beginning of each year;
• Their Business Plans and models of operation need to follow the general strategic direction and the values set by the central organisation through the EHE;
• They are to provide reports following a group template at set times which will report on matters such as actual to budget and explanations of variances, human resources issues, marketing and business opportunities, and so on;
• Their performance will be measured against agreed Performance Measures.

There could be any number of objectives to be achieved by the central organisation in starting enterprises, ranging from funding its community or charitable activities, increasing economic opportunity for individual members, and so on. It is important to note however that in our opinion, while the EHE and subsidiary businesses should subscribe to the values of the central organisation and operate within its Indigenous culture as well as its corporate culture, they do not have objectives of being a community organisation nor of a charity. In other words they need to be run like businesses (albeit Indigenous businesses that subscribe to Indigenous community culture) that have the objectives of growing the business and investment funds, and making a profit.

As the profits are distributed, what the central organisation does with that profit is outside the scope of the EHE structure and subsidiary Boards and management should not presume to dictate what happens up the line.